About Cancer

cancer or malignant neoplasms is a disease characterized by typical cell cycle abnormalities that give rise to a cell's ability to:

uncontrolled growth (cell division beyond the normal limit)
invade nearby biological tissue.
migrate to other body tissues via the blood circulation or lymphatic system, called metastasis.

Three malignant character which distinguishes cancer from benign tumors. Most cancers form a tumor, but some do not, such as leukemia. Branch of medical science dealing with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer is called oncology.

Cancer can cause many different symptoms, depending on the location and character of malignancy, and presence or absence of metastasis. Diagnosis usually requires microscopic examination of tissue obtained by biopsy. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.

Most cancers cause death. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in developing countries. Most cancers can be treated and many cured, especially if treatment begins early. Many forms of cancer associated with environmental factors that could have been avoided. Smoking can cause cancer than many other environmental factors. Tumor (Latin; swelling) pointed to an abnormal mass of tissue, but can be a "malignant" (cancerous) or "benign" (not cancerous). Only malignant tumors are able to invade other tissues or metastasize. Cancer can spread through the lymph nodes and blood vessels to other organs.

In the United States and several other developing countries, cancer is now responsible for about 25% of all kematian.Dalam a year, about 0.5% of the population diagnosed with cancer.

In adult males in the United States, the most common cancer is prostate cancer (33% of all cancer cases), lung cancer (13%), cancer of the colon and rectum (10%), bladder cancer (7%), and "cutaneous melanoma (5%). As a cause of lung cancer deaths are the most common (31%), followed by prostate cancer (10%), cancer of the colon and rectum (10%), pancreatic cancer (5%) and leukemia (4%).

For adult women in the United States, breast cancer is the most common (32% of all cancer cases), followed by lung cancer (12%), cancer of the colon and rectum (11%), endometrial cancer (6%, uterine ) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (4%). Based on the cases of death, lung cancer the most common (27% of cancer deaths), followed by breast cancer (15%), cancer of the colon and rectum (10%), ovarian cancer (6%), and pancreatic cancer (6% ).

Statistics can be large in other countries vary. In Indonesia, the cancer became the third largest contributor to mortality after heart disease. The main cause of cancer in the country is an unhealthy lifestyle, such as lack of exercise, smoking, and unhealthy eating patterns. At the plant, the cancer is a disease caused by a type of fungus / bacteria specific. Patterns of plant invasion and Kaner cancer in humans is very different.

Cancer is a diverse class of diseases that are very different in terms of causes and biological. Every organism, even plants, can get cancer. Nearly all cancers are known to appear gradually, while defects accumulate in cancer cells and their children (see section mechanism for a common type of defect)

Causes of cancer:
-materials Chemistry
-Ionizing Radiation-Ultra Violet Radiation
-Metabolic imbalances
-Hormonal imbalance
-Immune System Dysfunction
-infection:

Some cancers can be caused by infection. This not only applies to animals such as birds, but also in humans. These viruses contribute to 20% against the spread of cancer in humans around the world .. These viruses include human papillomavirus (cervical cancer), poliomavirus in humans (mesothelioma, brain tumors), Epstein-Barr virus (B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and nasopharyngeal cancer), the herpes virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma (Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma ), hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C (liver cancer), leukemia virus-1 on manusis T cells (T cell leukemia), and helicobacter pylori (stomach cancer).

Experimental and epidemiological data states causative role for the virus and the virus seems to be the second most important risk factor in cancer development in humans, which is only exceeded by the use tembakau.Jenis virus induced tumors can be divided into two, the type of acutely transforming and transformed slowly . In acutely transforming viruses, the virus carries an overactive oncogene called viral-oncogene (v-onc), and virus-infected transformed as soon as v-onc visible. Conversely, the virus that is slowly transformed, the virus genome is inserted near the proto-oncogene in the genome of the parent


In general, clinical symptoms of cancer can be devide into groups:

Local symptoms: enlargement or swelling of an unusual tumor, bleeding (hemorrhage), pain and / or peptic ulcers / ulceration. Compression of surrounding tissues can cause symptoms jaundis (yellowed skin and eyes).
Symptoms of enlarged lymph nodes (lymph node), cough, hemoptysis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), bone pain, fracture of affected bones and neurological symptoms. Although at an advanced stage of cancer causes pain, often times it's not the first symptom.
Systemic symptoms: weight loss, appetite decreased significantly, fatigue and kakeksia (emaciated), excessive sweating during sleep / night sweats, anemia, certain paraneoplastic phenomenon is caused by specific conditions such as thrombosis and active cancer hormonal changes. Every symptom in the list above can be caused by various conditions (a list of conditions is called a differential diagnosis). Cancer is probably the main cause or not the primary cause of any symptom.
Symptoms of angiogenesis which is the interaction between tumor cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and matrix ekstraselular.Pada cancer, a decrease in the concentration of compounds inhibiting the growth of new blood vessels, such as trombospondin, angiostatin and glioma-derived angiogenesis inhibitory factor, and excess expression of factors proangiogenik , such as vascular endothelial growth factor, which allows cancer cells to metastasize. [Treatment of tumors in general always involves two important roles, namely the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibodies to offset overexpression proangiogenik factors, and inhibitors of angiogenesis compounds, such as endostatin and angiostatin.
Symptoms of tumor cell migration, which is characterized by the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), which supports the structure of connective tissue cells, the MMP enzymes. Until now this has been known to beam 26 MMP genes that play a role in cancer, with the exception that occurs among others in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Cancer research

Cancer research is a scientific effort to understand the process occupied many diseases and find possible therapies. Although the understanding of cancer has grown exponentially since the last decade of the 20th century, a radical new therapy discovered and introduced only gradually.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib and gefitinib) in the late 1990s is considered a major breakthrough. Monoclonal antibodies have proved a major step forward in cancer treatment. [Citation needed]

David Porter, an oncologist from the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center in Philadelphia, was first reported 20 years after cell therapy efforts GM modification genes successfully destroy the T-cell leukemia cancer tumors.

Finding a way to predict which tumors will spread into one of the most important targets in cancer research. Sehyo Choe, a physicist from the University of Heidelberg in Germany, and colleagues built mathematical models of how tumors develop. Gusenbauer at St. Mark's. Poelten University of Applied Sciences, Austria, and rekannnya develop a model of how blood flows through the magnetic beads.

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